Does Doctor Know Best? Essay

At what point can a doctor act against the mothers wishes to save an unborn child? Should the court have a say in the final medical decision of a dying patient? These situations and more were discussed by the panel members where it became very obvious that there are no absolutes when making these types of decisions. The root of the argument stems from the lack of a decisive role that is responsible for making decisions when faced with conflicting moral issues. The doctors felt that an agreement with the mother regarding treatment should be followed until, according to their best judgment, she is no longer capable of making the decision on her own. The doctor is put in an ambiguous position to make a final decision since it would seem that his professional opinion is secondary to the choices of the mother. It was argued that a spouse or parent could make the decision at this point, rather than the doctor, especially if it were concerning the care for the as-yet unborn child. However, the rights of the unborn child are called into question if the choice may potentially cause the death of the child. At this point, the doctors looked towards legislative measures to not only protect themselves from legal action, but to establish some sort of precedent to follow. However, even the judge was hesitant to take on the role and stated that it should be judged on a case by case basis. Whether they maintain the agreement with the mother, or alter treatment to save the child, the doctors will always be in conflict when determining where the doctor/patient relationship lies and when it is appropriate to take action against the will of the patient.

Equality Diversity And Inclusion Essay

Promote equality and inclusion in health, social care or children’s and young people’s setting 1 understand the importance of diversity, equality and inclusion. 1.1 Explain what is meant by diversity, equality and inclusion. Diversity – The concepts of diversity it embrace’s acceptance and respect it means understanding that each individual is different and unique, and recognizing our individual differences. These can be along the dimensions of: see more:explain how to promote anti-discriminatory practice in your work with pupils Race Ethnicity Gender Sexual orientation Socio-economic status Age Physical abilities Religious beliefs Political beliefs Discrimination is about creating a fairer society where everybody will be to participate and has an opportunity to fulfil their potential, individual and group diversity needs to be considered in order to ensure that everybody’s needs and requirements are understood, and responded to e.g. development of flexibility in working practices and services. Another example of diversity in a setting were you have children of different culture, race or religion etc, is where by you teach and encourage the children to respect and embrace differences from other people in a positive way regardless of how they look or talk, and you as a practitioner need to respect the children and their families as well of the different backgrounds. Equality – in the workplace it takes on the same meaning as it does in your everyday life. It is defined as treating people the same as each other, regardless of their differences and to be held in the same esteem as someone else. An example is that men should not be paid more than women solely because they are male, or white people should not be paid more than no whites because of their race. The differences could go on because of different judgemental factors such as not  being worthy as their counterparts in the workplace. Inclusion – the term ‘inclusion’ means the act of including one another and no one is treat differently. Inclusion values diversity meaning no will be left out it also places individuals at the centre planning and support, the right of every child, infant or his/her family. Also their ability to participate in a range of activities and contexts. The desired results of inclusive experiences for children or elderly with or without disabilities and their families include a sense of belonging. 1.2 describe the potential effects of discrimination. There are different ways in which discrimination takes place these could be: Direct discrimination Indirect discrimination Victimisation There are also different bases of discrimination such as: culture disability age social class gender sexuality health status family status Every one of these reasons of discrimination is used by individuals and groups within society to exclude others from life’s chances. There are different effects on people depending why they are being discriminated against. People who are discriminated against can experience short or long term effects, in the short term effects people may feel anger and loss of their self-esteem. In the long-term effects they may be further reaching such as detrimental employment prospects or a lack of motivation. The effects are therefore to fold an effect on the individual themselves, and on their place and status as a whole. These affects have been recognised and there are now a number of laws in place which deal with equal rights for  every one there’s loads of different emotions people can feel if being discriminated against these could be: Scared Anxious Low self-esteem Feeling isolated Upset Feel like and outcast Depression Nervous Low confidence Passive or aggressive behaviour Disempowerment Restricted opportunities 1.3 explain how inclusive practice promotes equality and supports diversity Inclusive practice means to include people from all backgrounds, race and ethnicities and age etc therefore it supports equality and diversity as it includes every one and treating them fairly. As everyone is included all people are equally level, with no judgment passed on because of their age, sex, race or sexual orientation etc, therefore this promotes equality. In the case of providing health or social care to a person, every one receives the same care and treatment or in the case of employment/staff, decisions whether or not to employ/promote them based soley on their skills and ability to do their job. There are many laws in place to legislations in place so that service users and health care professionals, have basic guidelines that must be followed so that it promotes all three of equality, diversity and inclusion therefore every ones treated equally these legislations include: Sex discrimination act Mental health act The children act Race relations (amendment) act Human rights act Data protection act nursing and residential care homes regulations

Key Roles and Responsibilities Essay

Management: Management have a key role and a large responsibility of ensuring health and safety is followed in their pub. Managers need to ensure that all of the correct measures are in place so as to keep all legislations in order. If managers did not have any responsibility in the workplace then all employees would therefore not follow any legislations and many staff and customers could potentially be injured. Managers have to ensure that all employees regularly read SOP’s and complete all online courses regarding new legislation as well as refresher courses regarding health and safety at work. Human Resources Manager: Human resources have the main role within Wetherspoons regarding the responsibility of health and safety of the entire workplace. Without Human resources the company would not have any of the SOP’s (Safety Operating Procedures) or COSHH (control of substances hazardous to health) manuals. If human resources did not do this Wetherspoons would be operating against many laws and therefore be shut down. Bar Associates: Bar associates have a minor responsibility in health and safety at work but a large role for maintaining health and safety in the workplace. If staff members did not carry out frequent bar, floor and toilet checks then both employees and customers will be at risk of a potential risk. This could be slipping on a spilt drink or the toilets being unhygienic. Staff need to constantly make the bar, floor and toilet as clean and safe as possible. This includes wiping spillages on the bar, collecting glasses and plates and sweeping and moping. Kitchen Staff: Kitchen staff have a very high responsibility and role within the company regarding health and safety, as they are handling food. Kitchen staff have to ensure that their hands are constantly being washed, the kitchen is clean and food is in date. If kitchen staff did not have a responsibility within health and safety then customers could potentially be food poisoned, as well.

Exploring pathways and barriers to entrepreneurship and innovation in Dissertation

Exploring pathways and barriers to entrepreneurship and innovation in kuwait - Dissertation Example However, no more than 300 entrepreneurs have applied for the subsidy, which is a number small enough to make the study of exploration of barriers in the way of entrepreneurship and innovation in Kuwait as done in this research, worthwhile. Research question The research question is; What are the pathways to entrepreneurship and barriers to the establishment of SMEs in Kuwait? Research objectives This research tends to Study the historic contribution of SMEs in the economy of Kuwait Identify the pathways to entrepreneurship and barriers to innovation in Kuwait Develop a concise and objective method of capturing and evaluating the business ideas proposed by the SMEs. Devise ways to improve the tendency of entrepreneurs to take financial aid from the government to establish SMEs. Literature review Small businesses and entrepreneurship is a separate and quite developed field of study in UK supported by a lot of research in the past. Research on SMEs largely commenced in UK in 1970s (Blac kburn and Smallbone). Such a late start as compared to US can be attributed to the difference of the external conditions. In the 1970s, UK had the lowest new firm formation and small business ownership rate in the West (Bolton). â€Å"It is from this research base that we launch our attempt to describe developments since 1971 and make projections through the next decade† (Curran and Stanworth 16). Small business cultivated in UK in 1980s and in the 1990s, this field was institutionalized, consolidated, and legitimized (Blackburn and Smallbone 22). Past research has conventionally explored the link between entrepreneurial competitiveness and ethnic diversity (Kitching and Hill). Last two decades have shown a tremendous growth in the literature of SMEs (Castel-Branco 1). There is no specific definition of small firms. At sectoral level, the definition of small firms narrates the objective measure of the firm’s size which includes the sales turnover, number of workers, ne t worth of the business and its profitability. Thus, all firms may be considered small in some sectors, and yet there can be sectors where no firm is considered small (Storey). Entrepreneurship has been largely considered as a means of â€Å"decentralisation, economic restructuring and movement in the direction of market economy† (Venesaar and Loomets 1). According to (Frazer 15), there are three factors necessary for entrepreneurial endeavor, namely the trigger, pre-disposing factors, and the enabling factors. The triggers are basically of three types of triggers i.e. need for money which may be instigated by loss of job, health scare and divorce. Prior experience of job and formal education are two pre-disposing factors controlling an individual’s entrepreneurial endeavor. Availability of finance, socioeconomic factors and societal support are some of the potential enabling factors for the entrepreneurs. Kuwait has recently taken certain steps to improve her economic al strength. After a careful study of the important economic factors, Macinzee Consulting Company passed certain recommendations one of which was to strengthen the economy of Kuwait by investment in SMEs. The government released 1 billion pounds to be managed by the Kuwait Investment Authority. The funds were to be distributed among the willing entrepreneurs via four organizations, three of which were private and one organization was state-owned.

Team Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Team Assignment - Essay Example This person can make extra orders of items he keeps for himself. The current accountant can alter the shipping invoices to hide his scam. â€Å"Employees who have authority to purchase assets and services for the company are in a unique position to take advantage of their authority to enrich themselves or their friend† (Louwers, Ramsay, Sinason, Strawser, 2007). An internal control that would prevent the purchasing manager is by having the controller performed trimester internal audits of the purchasing department. Another internal control that can help minimize the effects of frauds is by requiring the signature of the controller for purchases above $50,000. A third internal control mechanism is to have cameras in the warehouse where the goods are stored after arrival to the store. One of the largest expenses of any organizations is the payroll. Payroll is an important accounting function that must be monitored closely to prevent fraudulent activity. One of the most common pa yroll frauds is the use of phantom employees. A phantom employee is an employee that does not exist, but who is on the payroll of the company. The corrupt employee in charge of the fraud keeps the money being paid to the phantom employees. On many occasions the unethical employees running such as scam often have many phantom employees on payroll. A way to prevent phantom employees is by auditing the documentation of all the employees on a monthly basis. Another type of scam that can occur is deducting payroll taxes from the employees and failing to pay them to the government. Governments are bureaucratic entities that often lack the resources to properly audit these types of transactions. The controller of the company should cross check the payroll tax deduction with the payments made to the government every three months. The board of directors of a company should establish bylaws that place a cap on the amount of salary and bonuses a CEO is eligible to receive. References Louwers, T., Ramsay, R., Sinason, D., Strawser, J. (2007). Auditing & Assurance Services: A look beneath the surface. (2nd ed.). New York:

THE IMPACT OF PLANNING POLICIES FOR THE OLYMPIC GAMES WILL OPTIMIZE Essay

THE IMPACT OF PLANNING POLICIES FOR THE OLYMPIC GAMES WILL OPTIMIZE THE SOCIO-CULTURAL IMPACTS OF TOURISM FOR LONDON RESIDENTS - Essay Example Tourism as a manifestation of leisure presupposes a socioeconomic milieu in which money and time-away-from-work can be accumulated to be spent at will. Tourism as a form of mobility implies that culturally sanctioned reasons exist for leaving home to travel. Tourism as an organized industry, catering to a clientele who have time and money and want to spend them, pleasurably, in leisured mobility or migration. Tourism in the modal sense is one of a range of choices, or styles, of vacation or recreation. Tourist visits are ritualized breaks in routine that define and relieve the ordinary. POSITIVE SOCIO-CULTURAL EFFECTS OF THE LONDON 2012 OLYMPIC GAMES The first positive socio-cultural impact is that tourism is a force for peace. The tourists who will travel to London for the Olympic Games will be won over by the residents of London. The close interaction with people from different countries will develop mutual sympathy and understanding and reduce their racial prejudices. This close interaction and cooperation will lead to world understanding and world peace. The second positive socio-cultural impact is that the London Games of 2012 will strengthen local communities. The local residents will be involved as volunteers and the celebration of festivals will lead to cultural rejuvenation. The tourist interest for festivals will enrich the cultural exchange between the participants. Moreover, the thousands of jobs created by tourism can act as a vital incentive to reduce emigration from rural areas. The third positive socio-cultural impact is that the facilities developed for the tourism-related Olympic Games benefit local residents d uring and after the Games.

Science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Science - Essay Example First and foremost, wind energy can be used to generate electrical energy. On the same point, this mode of production of energy is hugely dependent on the availability of wind since this is the means by which the turbines can rotate thus providing electrical energy. Notably, wind energy can produce a minimal amount of energy as compared to the water and solar energy. In addition to that, it is worth noting that this particular method of production off energy is not commonly used due to the simple fact that the amount of energy produced as compared to the amount of resources allocated to the purpose, the amount of resources allocated surpasses the amount of energy produced thus is viewed as a non-profitable adventure. Moreover, the other factor that has contributed to make this mode of production not common is the fact that it is expensive. On that note, in terms of man power and resources allocated for instance the setting up of a windmill and the appropriate machinery to support the exercise is expensive to purchase. In addition to that, it is worth noting that this form of production of the energy cannot be used as a steady source of energy. Apparently, since this form is hugely dependent on the weather conditions, that is wind to be precise which is hugely unreliable thus it is an unreliable source of energy. However, this form of production of energy can be used for small scale uses, in other words,house to house as opposed to industrial application since this form of business requires a huge amount energy available every time. Notably, research has showed that the amount of power produced is minimal as compared to the demand level for the commodity thus there is the need produce more form other methods of creation of energy. Consequently, the wind power can be generated for domestic purpose, in simple terms, house to house

Methodology (just theories) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Methodology (just theories) - Essay Example It provides an appropriate insight to study a particular phenomena and the method of data collection required for the study. The philosophy behind a research guides the researcher about various aspects of producing valid knowledge. ["A" level sociology A resource based learning approach, n. d] The three trends of philosophy involved in sociological research methodologies are Positivism, Realism and Interpretivism. Positivism mainly deals with proposing natural laws based on observation. [Samuel- Ojo, 2005]. Realism states that whatever appears to be real to an individual is a consequence of one's behavior. ["A" level sociology A resource based learning approach, n. d]. Interpretivism is mainly based on idealism that the various phenomena occurring in the world are interpreted through mind. [Interpretivism, n. d] The research philosophy of positivism mainly prevailed in the nineteenth and the twentieth century. This concept is most popular in the field of natural science. The origin of this ideology evolved due to the study of various phenomena in the world through human knowledge rather than dogma of religion. In order to attain fact about a particular aspect of study, observations are made related to that field of study. This methodology of research through observation is called empirism. Therefore, positivism developed based on certainty and universal explanations about particular phenomena. [Samuel- Ojo, 2005]. The major strengths of positivism are that the knowledge attained through this methodology is certain since it is not based on any speculations. It provides a logical end to any research. Contrary to this, since ideology of positivism mainly deals with observations it rules out the existence of unobservable phenomena or occurrences. [Rusbult, 1997] Realism is a research philosophy that "seeks to understand, the existence of an external and objective reality that influences people's social interpretations and behaviors but which may not be perceptible to them. It recognizes that people themselves are not objects to be studied in the style of natural science. "[Glossary, n. d]. Realism believes that phenomena can occur in spite of not observing its occurrence. It also believes that an object has certain properties associated with it that are independent of theoretical conceptions. These are some of the major strengths of realism. One major drawback of this research philosophy is that it is based on plausible doctrines rather than knowledge based on facts. The knowledge attained through this philosophy is skeptical and not certain since it is based on unobservable. [Boyd, 2002] Interpretive research philosophy states that the social world cannot be described without understanding the experience of the people and gives importance to human actions. This ideology produces scientific accounts of social life depending on the concepts and inferences drawn by the people. It generates theories based on the descriptions and experiences of people. Hence, this ideology is purely based on the understanding of the people about a particular concept and its interpretation by the researcher. It provides an in depth understanding of the blind beliefs and practices of daily life. There are structured procedures followed to understand the perception and beliefs of the people abo

Journal for Small group communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Journal for Small group communication - Essay Example We have team strength of 15 members whereby all of us are competent enough in our specified sport i.e. soccer. However, not all of us are equally skilled. A few of us are still learning to play volleyball in a proper format. Nevertheless, somehow we have managed to set our standards to a much higher level. We have always focused on playing cohesively and in this process have been able to fulfill the facets associated with task orientation. Furthermore, all of us in due course have got the opportunity to exercise our relational orientation skills that in turn have helped in deriving improvements in our group communication process as well. Our cohesive existence and sports training provided great aid in the development of the communication competence among ourselves. It has been able to create all round impact in improving our communication process so that we are able to lucidly convey our strategies with each other. It has resulted in the creation of all round improvement in maintaini ng a flow proper flow of the feedback mechanism process (Rothwell 1-381). Groups as Systems Week Two Month†¦Year†¦ We represent a diverse team with efficient skills specialized in volleyball. Together we make a very strong group consisting of 15 members. Throughout the period of our co-existence, all of us have been able to maintain high extent of cooperation among all the group members and we are also able to know our own strengths and weaknesses because of the countless hours that we spend together. Throughout our co-existence, we have been able to learn many new things in the second week which is considered to be relatively better as compared to the previous week. I have realized that alike any other field, learning is a continuous process in sporting arena as well where in order to develop one’s own skills feedbacks of others are of extreme importance wherein communication can play a decisive role. It has been learnt that the both the aspects i.e. task along wit h relational orientation resulted in high amount of effectiveness. These factors can be provided with weightage as we are very much focused on the task in hand i.e. to excel in the concerned sport i.e. volleyball that we have chosen. Moreover, it can also be highlighted that we were following a much cooperative approach as we had strong mutual understandings with each other. I felt that most of the members in my team needed volleyball training as we were little weak in this particular sport. I learnt that we were operating in a very much systematic manner as we knew our strengths along with the weaknesses. Groups as systems represent a dynamic entity that intends to excel in any activities that are undertaken. Similarly, group sport or team sport lends an invaluable opportunity for an individual to share space with individuals of different skills being in a system. In such an activity, the prevailing barriers related to learning and skill development can be efficiently mitigated. I have also been able to ascertain greater group dynamics that has been the critical success factor for the athletic team (Rothwell 1-381). Group Development Week Three Month†¦Year†¦ During the course of week three, we have been able to learn a lot from each other. The best part about our team is that we are small in number. It has allowed all of us to

Vulnerable Populations Essay Example for Free

Vulnerable Populations Essay All communities contain a mentally ill population. Their behavior is considered to be inappropriate and abnormal. Every society has cultivated solutions in which to treat the mentally ill in order to prevent disruption of the strong civil function. Normal behavior varies through generations and societies. When deciding if a person is mentally ill, the generation and culture must be taken into consideration. Approximately 26 percent of the U.S. population suffers from mental illness, with six percent of that percentage suffering from such debilitating mental afflictions that their ability to function is limited. The History of Mental Illness In ancient times, mental illness was thought to be madness caused by demonic possession. Skulls of the â€Å"mad† were drilled to allow the demon to escape. During the middle ages, mental illness was believed to be the result of witchcraft and demonic control. The tormented were treated as criminals and subject to torturous acts. They were often tied up and thrown into bitterly cold waters. If the person floated, they were considered to be a witch and were murdered in an inhumane and heinous manner. If the suspected sunk, they were found not guilty of witchcraft. The freezing water was accepted as a cure for â€Å"madness.† By the mid 1700’s, mental illness was considered an issue for the afflicted’s family. As the American colonies grew, the mentally ill began to negatively impact the society. Almshouses were used to board the mentally ill. Specialized hospitals were constructed for the â€Å"insane.† Mistreatment and abuse of the mentally ill were common and continued through the 19th century. â€Å"Moral treatment† of the mentally ill began in the 18th century when Phillipe Pinel discovered 5,000 patients chained to walls and released them. Dorthea Dix was a U.S. social activist who made an appeal to the Massachusetts State Legislature for more humane and benevolent care of the mentally ill in asylums. Dix’s plea accrued  regulated conditions in asylums. Most asylums and almshouses were obsolete by the beginning of the 20th century. State psychiatric institutions became the chief means of serving the mentally ill. However, reports of abuse and neglect in state hospitals were prevalent. In 1900, Clifford Beers, a privileged businessman, suffered a nervous breakdown after a family catastrophe. He was admitted to numerous mental hospitals and each was abusive and defamatory. In 1908, Beers penned his autobiography A Mind that Found Itself. The book discusses his mental deterioration as well as the mental and physical abuse he endured in the hospitals. Beers’ book was the catalyst for the founding of the National Committee for Mental Hygiene (Presently the National Mental Health Association) which created mission goals, such as improved doctoring, advocacy, and minimizing the negative stereotypes of the mentally ill. The Community Mental Health Centers Act was passed in 1963. This act focused on the maintenance and issue prevention through outpatient care. Patients were released from state hospitals and treated by community facilities. This act began the process of deinstitutionalization in the United States. The Nature of the Social Problems or Issues Experienced Deinstitutionalization released thousands of mentally ill patients from psychiatric hospitals into the streets. The majority of these hospitals were shut down, which led to the difficult transition from long-term care to short-term hospital visits. Those with no family or support system were left with nowhere to go and forced to live on the streets. The government approximates that 20 to 30 percent of the United States homeless population suffer from severe mental illness. If this estimate were to include clinical depression and substance abusers, the numbers would climb to a staggering 50 to 80 percent. There are many problems trying to get the mentally ill and homeless of the streets. They have the right to refuse treatment and unfortunately many of them do. Other obstacles that prevent the mentally ill and homeless population from receiving adequate care is the lack of government assistance, such as Medicaid and Medicare, to help pay for treatment. Many severely mentally ill men and women are so disoriented, paranoid, and confused that they are unable to participate in client/psychologist services. Another barrier is the firm participation  requirements administered by mental health facilities. Severely mentally ill clients may find it difficult to abide by the rules. In order to remain in housing assistance programs, participants must remain sober which also poses a problem for many of the mentally ill who are plagued with substance abuse disorders. The criminalization of the mentally ill has become a large issue in the United States. The U.S. Department of Justice reports that 8 to 17 percent of the prison population suffers from mental illness. The National Alliance on Mental Illness reports that 40 percent of the mentally ill population will commit a crime at some point. Demographics, Common Clinical Issues, and Intervention Strategies Mental illness does not discriminate. It affects all races, social classes and religions. The only difference is that those in a higher social class are able to receive better care. Studies show that minorities receive poor mental health treatment because of the underrepresentation of certain ethnicities in the mental health field and the refusal of mental health care by certain cultures. People suffering from mental illness may seek help by directly going to a specialist or by seeking assistance from a mental health agency. Mental health experts must be able to diagnose the frequent symptoms and evidence of mental illness in a client. The method for diagnosing mental illness in the United States is the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR). This method is disputed by many professionals because it treats mental illness as a diagnosis of a disease rather than focusing on a person’s strengths to obtain wellness. Axis I of the DSM-IV-TR includes clinical disorders such as bipolar, clinical depression, substance abuse issues. They are treated with psychotropic medications and psychotherapy. Axis II consists of personality disorders and mental retardation. Many professionals feel that people suffering from Axis II illnesses are resistant to treatment. Many mental health professional view those suffering from mental illness as â€Å"broken† and ill. These beliefs can limit the potential of the mentally afflicted. A different strategy some mental health professionals are taking is using the Strength Perspective. This plan of action requires the practitioner to focus on a client’s successes and advantages rather than promoting their shortcomings. Other intervention strategies include insight counseling which allows clients to create coping skills to help them deal with their mental health issues. Group counseling allows clients to gain support and  friendship from those suffering from the same mental afflictions. Psychotropic medication can alleviate mentally crippling symptoms and Psychiatric rehabilitation aides low functioning clients in obtaining the basic living skills. Future Interventions The United States has encountered many modifications throughout the last 50 years. The mental health profession will undoubtedly undergo many more changes in the years to come. Human Service Professionals are the future of mental health. They continuously crusade for augmented funding and strive to develop new intervention and counseling strategies tailored to the intricate and complex needs of the mentally ill population. Experts and scientists continuously work to create advancements in medications that will remove all debilitating effects of severe mental illness. References Martin, M.C. (2011). Introduction to Human Services: Through the Eyes of Practice Settings (2nd ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon Publishing. A future vision of mental health. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.newvisionformentalhealth.org.uk/A_future_vision_for_mental_health.pdf Leupo, K. (n.d.). The history of mental illness. Retrieved from http://www.toddlertime.com/advocacy/hospitals/Asylum/history-asylum.htm

Training Program Executive Summary Management Essay

Training Program Executive Summary Management Essay The Leadership Training program for z-Vision Incorporated is describes the process of the training program being design and how the training officer planned for it. This training program considers the impacts of business process changes for the eyewear industry and z-Vision Incorporated employees and provides a framework to equip and prepare end-users with the skills and knowledge necessary to perform efficiently in their respective to-be roles in the new business environment resulting from the implementation of this training program. Employees to be Train This Leadership Training program is designed for all the store managers. Objectives for the Training The main objective for the training program being designed is to ensure each store managers can be able to conduct training of staff in their respective store. In the mean time, its also to enhance their knowledge and skills in daily management for their respective store. Budget for the Training The total budget for the three days leadership training program is $ 36,000. In terms that each day of training need $12,000. Learning Evaluation Approach Once the training program has finished there will be a learning assessment will be conduct to the trainees and trainers to overview the training result. The evaluation results will be analyzed to determine if adjustments need to be made in the training approach and/or materials in order to maximize the learning environment for trainees. Table of Content 1.0 Introduction This report is written to provide suggestion for training officer at z-Vision Incorporated. And it is prepare a comprehensive Report to the management on the importance of training and proposed Training Plan for z-Vision Incorporated store managers. This training is intended to ensure each Store Manager has the knowledge of and basic skills to conduct training of staff in their respective store. It will include the importance of Training analysis, Conduct of Training Needs Analysis Planning of Training, Conduct of Training Needs Analysis Planning of Training, Program Budgeting analysis, Design and Development analysis, Delivery of Training, and Assessment of Learning Outcomes. 2.0 Importance of Training 2.1 Definition of Training Training can be best understood as planned, structured, and often formalized learning experiences that seek to develop specific skills and knowledge needed for effective job performance. Historically employees have learnt many of the competencies they need to perform effectively by be trained. (Author: Jannifer Gregory Encouraging Organizational Learning through Pay after a Corporate Downsizing) 2.2 Importance of Training If Z-Vision Incorporate consider its Z-Vision Incorporate store managers to be human assets, training and development represents an ongoing investment in these assets and one of the most significant Z-Vision Incorporate can make. Training involves Z-Vision Incorporate store managers acquiring knowledge and learning skills that they will be able to use immediately; Z-Vision Incorporate store managers development involves learning that will aid the Z-Vision Incorporate and Z-Vision Incorporate store managers later in the Z-Vision Incorporate store managers career. Many organizations use the term learning rather than training to emphasize the point that the activities engaged in as part of this developmental process are broad-based and involve much more than straightforward acquisition of manual or technical skills. (Author(s): Ajay M. Pangarkar, Teresa Kirkwood Strategic alignment: linking your learning strategy to the balanced scorecard) Optimum Utilization of Human Resources -Z-Vision Incorporate Training and Development helps in optimizing the utilization of human resource that further helps the Z-Vision Incorporate store managers to achieve the organizational goals as well as their individual goals. Development of Human Resources -Z-Vision Incorporate Training and Development helps to provide an opportunity and broad structure for the development of human resources technical and behavioral skills in an organization. It also helps the Z-Vision Incorporate store managers in attaining personal growth.( Human resources development, employment and globalization in the hotel, catering and tourism sector.) Development of skills of employees Training and Development helps in increasing the job knowledge and skills of Z-Vision Incorporate store managers at each level. It helps to expand the horizons of human intellect and an overall personality of the Z-Vision Incorporate store managers. (Aliance Traning and Consulting. INC ) Productivity Training and Development helps in increasing the productivity of the Z-Vision Incorporate store managers that helps Z-Vision Incorporate further to achieve its long-term goal. Team spirit Training and Development helps in inculcating the sense of team work, team spirit, and inter-team collaborations. It helps in inculcating the zeal to learn within the Z-Vision Incorporate store managers.( Team Spirit Leadership Training http://www.showmeteamspirit.com/) Organization Culture Training and Development helps to develop and improve the Z-Vision Incorporate store health culture and effectiveness. It helps in creating the learning culture within the Z-Vision Incorporate. (Asim Khan, CEO Business Management Group, Inc Matching People with Organizational Culture) Organization Climate Training and Development helps building the positive perception and feeling about the Z-Vision Incorporate store managers. The Z-Vision Incorporate store managers get these feelings from leaders, subordinates, and peers. Quality Training and Development helps in improving upon the quality of work and work-life. Healthy work environment Training and Development helps in creating the healthy working environment. It helps to build good employee, relationship so that individual goals aligns with organizational goal.( Ron prewitt Signs of a healthy work Environment) Health and Safety Training and Development helps in improving the health and safety of the organization thus preventing obsolescence. Morale Training and Development helps in improving the morale of the work force. Image Training and Development helps in creating a better corporate image. Profitability Training and Development leads to improved profitability and more positive attitudes towards profit orientation. Training and Development aids in organizational development i.e. Organization gets more effective decision making and problem solving. It helps in understanding and carrying out organization policies Training and Development helps in developing leadership skills, motivation, loyalty, better attitudes, and other aspects that successful workers and managers usually display. 3.0 Conduct of Training needs Analysis Planning of Training A Training Needs Analysis (TNA) is used to assess an organizations training needs. The root of the TNA is the gap analysis. This is an assessment of the gap between the knowledge, skills and attitudes that the people in the organization currently possess and the knowledge, skills and attitudes that they require to meet the organizations objectives. The training needs assessment is best conducted up front, before training solutions are budgeted, designed and delivered. The output of the needs analysis will be a document that specifies why, what, who, when, where and how. (Author: Arman E. Manlalangit Training Needs Analysis) The training plan is for the store manager. They need to study leadership skills. Such as: knowing and using the resources of the group, Communication, Controlling group performance, take Ownership and Responsibility and so on. The six Es of training-why Z-Vision Incorporate train Z-Vision Incorporate store managers Engage Effective training provides the opportunity for Z-Vision Incorporate store managers to connect with the Z-Vision Incorporate, and its policies and methods of working. It helps to ensure that Z-Vision Incorporate store managers buy into, or engage with, Z-Vision Incorporates culture. It helps to make Z-Vision Incorporate store managers feel valued and develop working relationships with their colleagues. Educate Training can help to educate or increase the knowledge and awareness of individuals and terms. Enhance Training can help to enhance or improve the skills and competence of individuals and terms within an organization Empower By properly training employees, an organization can increase the accountability of teams and individuals, and can ensure that faster, better quality decisions can be made, while avoiding the need to pass decision making unnecessarily up to the organizational chain. Energize Participation in training can help to energize, motivate and inspire Z-Vision Incorporate store managers. It provides an opportunity. To take a step back and allows people to consider how they can best contribute towards the effectiveness of the Z-Vision Incorporate. Enlighten Training can also be an effective means of helping Z-Vision Incorporate store managers to see things in a different way. It can help Z-Vision Incorporate store managers reach an often sudden conclusion that there is a better, more effective way doing something and can help to unlock previously untapped potential (Anthony Henry Understanding strategic management) 4.0 Developing program and Learning Objectives 4.1 Developing program In order to prepare a comprehensive report to management on the importance of training and proposed training plan for Z-vision incorporated store managers. Here make the plan of training for the store manager is the leadership training for the store manager. The leadership training will take three working days. Leadership Training for the store manager (activities schedule) Date Time Activity 20 May 2010 10.00-12.00 am Communication skill 2.00-5.00 pm Coaching and Development 21 May 2010 9.00-11.00 am Decision Making Practice 11.00-1.00 pm Teamwork Building 2.00- 4.00 pm Sales Marketing 22 May 2010 9.00-11.30 am Vision/strategy skill 1.00-3.00 pm Planning * Refer to Appendix 2 for Details 4.2 The key of Learning Objectives Training involves some kind of change for Z-vision incorporated store managers: changes in how they do their jobs, how they relate to others, the conditions under which they perform, or change in their job responsibilities. ( Ford,D.JBenchmarking HRD Training Development, Vol.47,No.6(1993):36-41) Z-vision incorporated can benefit from training, beyond bottom line and general efficiency and profitability, when they create more flexible workers who can assume varied responsibilities and have a more holistic understanding of what the Z-vision incorporated does and the role they play in the Z-vision Incorporateds success.( Broadwell, M .M how to train experienced supervisors Training, Vol. 30, no 5(1993)) Z-vision incorporated that take a strategic approach to human resources can find that Z-vision incorporated store managers training can be much more efficacious as part of an integrated approach to HR. For example: training and development are greatly assisted by having appropriate and well-thought-out staffing strategies. (Andersen companies, Training Development, Vol 47, No.1 (1993); 30- 35) 5.0 Program Budgeting, Design and Development 5.1 Training Design Training design involves adapting the learning environment to maximize learning. Training design issues include the conditions of practice that influence learning and the factors that impact retention of what is learned. Recall Gagnes (1987) arguments there is no substitute for conducting a thorough task analysis and clearly specifying what is to be learned. As the training officer for z-Vision Incorporated I decided to use spaced practice sessions to enhance the effectiveness for training program. In general, information and skills can be learned either way, but spaced practice sessions with a reasonable rest period between them lead to better performance and longer retention of what is learned than a massed practice session. Although using spaced practice sessions may increase time and resources but series of spaced practice training would be more effective. 5.1.1 Selecting the Trainer Since now the organization has made the decision to design our own training program, and purchase the attitudes training program, the trainer must be selected. There are three trainers included two internal training officers and one trainer from the outsourced training centre. Organization training officer will conduct the teaming program which included knowledge and skills session for the trainees. On the other hand the trainer from the outsourced training centre will deliver the attitudes talk for the trainees. 5.1.2 Selecting Training Methods Up to this point the organization have coming out with the preliminary steps involved in the design and implementation for the training program. Our next step is to select the appropriate training methods. On the Job Training Method is the most suitable method for the program as this method can absolutely improve the trainees work performance and can enhance their knowledge in order for them to train their subordinates. 5.1.3 Training Budget Training Budget Organization: z-Vision Incorporated Year: 2010 Department: Human Resource Submitted by: HR Training Officer Annual training allotment: $200,000 Day 1 Budget: $12,000 Day 3 Budget: $12,000 Total Budget: $36,000 Day 2 Budget: $12,000 * Refer to Appendix 3 for Details. Based on the annual training allotment from the Board of Directors. The training officer has planned the training budget well in order to minimize the cost but can maximize the training result. The training budget is designed based on the needs of the training activities, trainer fees, rental for venue and some other expenses. 6.0 Training delivery methods Training delivery methods consist of the techniques and materials used by trainers to structure learning experiences. Different training delivery methods are better or worse at achieving various learning objectives. During the design phase the different methods are examined to determine their appropriateness for the learning objectives. Once appropriate methods have been identified, they are applied to the training plan in the development phase. There are three categories of learning objectives: knowledge, skills, and attitudes (KSAs). Knowledge objectives are of three types: declarative, procedural, and strategic. Declarative knowledge is the persons store of factual information. Procedural knowledge is the persons understanding about how and when to apply the facts. Strategic knowledge is used for planning, monitoring, and revising goal-directed activity. Skill reflects ones proficiency at specific tasks such as operating a piece of equipment, giving a presentation, or making a business decision. Attitudes are beliefs and/or opinions about objects and events and the positive or negative affect (feelings) associated with them. Attitudes affect motivation levels, which in turn influence a persons behavior. Most training programs have learning objectives for knowledge, skill, and attitudes; these programs need to combine in house training method and public training method into an integrated whole because no single method can do everything well. (source: www.school-for-champions.com à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ º Training) 7.0 Evaluation of Learning Outcomes Training evaluation is the process of connecting results to objectives from a training program. The criteria to determine this training program success or failure is based on the performance of the trainees, the conditions under which they must do it and the evaluation from the trainers and feedback from trainees after the training session. The evaluation results will be analyzed to determine if adjustments need to be made in the training approach and/or materials in order to maximize the learning environment for trainees. It is also recommended that knowledge retention be measured at three months, six months, and one year after implementation. Reference Jennifer Gregory Encouraging Organizational Learning through Pay after a Corporate Downsizing Ajay M. Pangarkar, Teresa Kirkwood Strategic alignment: linking your learning strategy to the balanced scorecard Arman E. Manlalangit Training Needs Analysis Henry Understanding strategic management Ford,D.JBenchmarking HRD Training Development, Vol.47,No.6(1993):36-41 Broadwell, M .M how to train experienced supervisors Training, Vol. 30, no 5(1993) Andersen companies, Training Development, Vol 47, No.1 (1993); 30- 35 Human resources development, employment and globalization in the hotel, catering and tourism sector.( Report for discussion at the Tripartite Meeting on the Human Resources Development, Employment and Globalization in the Hotel, Catering and Tourism Sector Geneva, 2001) Team Spirit Leadership Training http://www.showmeteamspirit.com/, Online. Accessed march 31, 2010 Asim Khan, CEO Business Management Group, Inc Matching People with Organizational Culture Ron prewitt Signs of a healthy work Environment Aliance Traning and Consulting. INC http://www.alliancetac.com/index.html?PAGE_ID=2449, Online. Accessed April 5, 2010 www.school-for-champions.com à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ º Training, Online. Accessed April 5, 2010 http://traininganddevelopment.naukrihub.com/methods-of-training/on-the-job-training/index.html, Online. Accessed April 10, 2010 http://www.humanresources.hrvinet.com/job-training-methods , Online. Accessed April 10, 2010 http://www.referenceforbusiness.com/encyclopedia/Oli-Per/On-the-Job-Training.html, Online. Accessed April 10, 2010 R.F.Mager(1997). Preparing instructional objectives 3rd edition www. road.uww.edu/road/wernerj/428%20-%20Training%20%20Development/Chapter%2004%20slides%204e.ppt training hrd process model, Online. Accessed April 10, 2010 http://www.haiweb.org/medicineprices/manual/medpricesAttachements/excercises/SampleTrainingEvalForm.doc, Accessed April 10, 2010 Appendix Appendix 1 Source: www. road.uww.edu/road/wernerj/428%20-%20Training%20%20Development/Chapter%2004%20slides%204e.ppt training hrd process model Appendix 2 Training Program Schedule 20 May 2010 22 May 2010 Program Title: z-Vision Leadership Training Objectives of this program: To enhance store managers management skills. To ensure each store manager be able to conduct training of staff in their respective store. Environment: In house training and train at outsourced training centre Trainers: Organization training officer outsourced training consultant Trainees: Store Managers from all stores. Date Time Activity 20 May 2010 10.00-12.00 am Communication skill 2.00-5.00 pm Coaching and Development 21 May 2010 9.00-11.00 am Decision Making Practice 11.00-1.00 pm Teamwork Building 2.00- 4.00 pm Sales Marketing 22 May 2010 9.00-11.30 am Vision Strategy Skill 1.00-3.00 pm Planning Appendix 3 Training Budget Organization: z-Vision Incorporated Year: 2010 Department: Human Resource Submitted by: HR Training Officer Annual training allotment: $200,000 Day 1 Budget: $12,000 Day 3 Budget: $12,000 Total Budget: $36,000 Day 2 Budget: $12,000 3 Days Training Budget Line Item Description/Justification Qty. Unit Cost/Rate Total 1 Courseware development 0 2 Courseware purchase Purchase training course from training centre 1 $4,000 4,000 3 Certification 0 4 Train-the-trainer 0 5 Hardware purchase 0 6 Facility rental Medium Hotel Meeting Room 22,000 7 Instructional materials 0 8 Technical equipment 0 9 Consulting fees Advice from consultation company 2,000 10 Instructor fees Fees Allowance for internal and external trainers 3,000 11 Content acquisition 0 12 Travel Travel Allowance 2,500 13 Lunch Tea Food Beverages 2,500 14 0 15 0 Grand Total $36,000

Mid Day Meal Scheme in Maharashtra

Mid Day Meal Scheme in Maharashtra ABSTRACT: This paper represents the overview of National Program of Nutritional support to primary education known as Mid Day Meal Scheme in Maharashtra. The malnutrition was widespread in India and other developing countries. The under nutrition and over nutrition may cause due to various reasons. The various causes of malnutrition and its effects have explained previously in this paper. The paper mainly focuses on the background and implementation of Mid Day Meal Scheme, impacts or benefits or achievements of the scheme are discussed. The Mid Day Meal Scheme has initiated and employed in practice and have achieved the defined objectives such as improved the school performance, attendance of children in school and minimized the malnutrition problems to some extent. During the last 8-9 years the different activities have been carried out under this program throughout India. The progress of the program or scheme achieved at each year gradually by considering and solving the various problems rel ating to implementation of scheme. Keywords: Mid Day Meal Scheme, malnutrition, nutritional deficiency, impact. INTRODUCTION: The school performance of the children is indirectly affected by nutrition status. The undernourished children cannot concentrate on their studies and hence it holds the education process. The child with empty stomach deviate his concentration or attention to food instead of learning. So the Mid Day Meal Scheme has implemented to overcome the hunger to improve nutrition status of children as well as their learning process by offering sufficient nutritious food during school days. In India the problems like malnutrition, under nutrition increasing unacceptably high though India has made huge development in science, medicine and technology with economic growth and though it is second fastest growing country in the world. The malnutrition is a multidimensional complex issue and affected due to poverty, insufficient food consumption, unequal food distribution, gender inequality, poor environmental and sanitary facilities, lack of education and social services. Thus to mitigate the malnutrition problems the different schemes have implemented for the physical development of children, their nutrition status and socio- economic development. The different causes of malnutrition and its consequences may be analyzed in different perspectives. The Mid Day Meal scheme is implemented and used in practice to overcome the hunger of school children, widespread poverty, reduce social and gender inequity. STUDY REGION: The study area, Maharashtra is one of the agriculturally, economically developed state of India. It is the foci of economic, administrative and social activities of the south western part of India. The state is located in south western part of India between 15 Â °45’ to 22Â ° 00’ The North Latitudes and at 72Â ° 45’to 8Â ° 45’ East longitudes having 3, 07,713 sq km. area. The state is divided into 36 Districts also sub divided in to 6 Division. The geographical area of Maharashtra state is 308 Lakh hectares and its cultivable area is 225 Lakh hectares. Agriculture is the mainstay of the state of Maharashtra. It is the main occupation of the people. The major crops are Wheat, Millet, Maize and rice in Maharashtra. According to census of India, 2011 total population is 112,372,972 of which male and female are 58,361,397 and 54,011,575 respectively. The growth rate of Maharashtra is 9.29%. The density of Maharashtra is 365 for 1km2. The sex ratio is 946.The literacy rate in Maharashtra has seen upward trend and is 82.91 percent as per 2011 population census. Of that, male literacy stands at 89.82 percent while female literacy is at 75.48 percent. CAUSES OF MALNUTRITION: The Malnutrition causes may be multidimensional. Most of the literatures on nutrition indicate the problems of malnutrition in people, children caused due to poor quality, insufficient intake of food, disease, health problems, excessive illness etc. The millions of persons, both children and adult suffer from under nutrition due to inability to get sufficient good quality of food because of poverty in most of the developing countries. The price and demand of the food fluctuates periodically (continuously) based on availability and seasons. Due to seasonal fluctuations the food production rate may breakdown. So the food distribution may get unbalanced and the flow of income cuts down. This increases the risk of widespread famine. The famine occurred during 1974 in, China, Ethiopian and Nigeria about 30 million people were died due to famine in china. The cause of malnutrition is ignorance towards excessive diseases, illness, lack of knowledge, illiteracy, education about science, and nutrition is identified as one of the major cause of malnutrition. The inequality gender problems, inequality Socio- economical status are the causes of malnutrition due to unbalanced and unequal food distribution. The lack of knowledge about proper child care, disease management causes the malnutrition in children up to age of 0 to 6. Thus the cause of malnutrition is multidimensional based on social, economical, regional, physical, seasonal, political dimensions. IMPACTS OF MALNUTRITION: The most of the developing countries badly suffers from malnutrition problems in adult as well as in children. The effects of malnutrition destroy the economic growth of country ultimately. The insufficient, poor quality of food minimizes the consumption of various nutrition elements so that the nutrition deficiency problems arise in developing countries. The iron deficiency causes the mental retardation, anemia which reduces the school performance of the children. The deficiency of iodine causes the cretinism in majority of people. The reduced level of vitamin A in children suffers from eye and skin problems. The low weight or high weight causes under nutrition or over nutrition due to mineral and protein, energy inadequacy. Thus consistently deficiency of above nutrition may cause excessive diseases and illness in children and increases the inability to improve the school performance. These are the physical problems caused due to malnutrition. The malnutrition affects on the children learning and concentration capability so it decreases the attendance and enrollment in school and decreases the regular school performance: Such malnourished children are quick and frequent affects by several infections. Thus due to poverty the people unable to spent to overcome the disease and illness due to malnutrition leads to breakdown of economic growth of people, society and ultimately country. The children are the future citizen of our country so the malnutrition problems should be minimized at school age children level through nutrition and health education. BACKGROUND AND PROVISIONS OF MID DAY MEAL SCHEME: The Mid day Meal Scheme is initiated on 15 th August 1995 as a National Program of Nutritional support to Primary education. The Main aim of this scheme is to increase the attendance of children in school and improve their Physical and health, nutritional level by offering sufficient, good quality and nutritionally adequate meal per school working day. It was initiated in only 2408 blocks and in 2004. It has been revised most of the time and currently operating in all blocks of country to cover the children below age of 14 years. i.e. children in classes 1 to 5. Under this scheme various revised activities have been conducted throughout the country per year. And the implementation progress and problems of this scheme have been analyzed at National level with more vigor and enthusiasm. In 2004, the scheme was revised to supply cooked mid day meal for children in class I-V with.300 calories and 8-12 gm. of protein per day. In addition food grains should be provided per month to the children. In 2007, the scheme has revised and start to provide mid day meal for the children in class VI to VIII. The food nutrition norm should be given to the students by mid day meal scheme program as follows: This information was given by the Union Human Resource Development Minister, Smt. Smriti Irani in a written reply to the Rajya Sabha question (2014) The various cooked food should be provided derived from rice such as Idali Sambhar, Dal Rice Khichdi, Rice Kheer, Vegetable Rice, etc. as mid day meal suggested by School Education Department. Also biscuits, eggs or bananas should be given to the students once in a weak. The weakly mid day meal timetable should be prepared by school and followed regularly. The food quality control and regular monitoring of Mid Day Meal Scheme should be done effectively and Maharashtra has well established system for it. 4.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE MID DAY MEAL SCHEME: The provision of adequate nutritional meal free of cost to the school children on school working days is the main objective of the Mid Day Meal Scheme. The scheme was implemented with following objectives:- To mitigate hunger by providing hot cooked meal to the children in schools. To improve nutritional level of children To promote poor children to increase the attendance in school, to help them to improve concentration in classroom, to increase retention and fresh enrollment. To maintain social equality among the children. IMPACTS OF MID DAY MEAL SCHEME: The mitigation of hunger at school children is one of the important objectives of Mid Day Meal Scheme. The hunger was eliminated by providing the mi day meal to every student during school days so that the attendance of children in school, retention rate and fresh enrollment has increased in Maharashtra as compared to other states in India except Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. The fresh enrollment number has continuously increased. The response of teachers in Maharashtra shows that the fresh enrollment has increased due to mid day meal about 75%. In Maharashtra near about 50% of sample schools have increased the student attendance in school and increased the awareness towards school and education. The rates also have been increased in Maharashtra about 66%. The mid day meal scheme has also decreased the malnutrition problems, starvation and hunger. This has increased the health status of children, increased physical level so increased the learning capability and concentration of children in school. Due to mid day meal scheme the problems of socio-economic inequity, gender inequity has decreased to some extent. Thus various researchers and organizations have conducted case studies and have reported the performance and impact of mid day meal scheme. The studies shows that the mid day meal scheme as National Program resulted in an increase in fresh enrollments, regular attendance of children in class and their learning capability with social and gender equity. SUGGESTIONS: The study has identified some scope for improvement of impact of mid day meal scheme and children health improvements. The schemes should be employed for employment for construction of kitchen sheds, safe drinking water provision, good and sufficient sanitary requirements, regular health checkup facilities, regular monitoring of schemes, regular reporting of scheme, updating the various provisions of schemes, guidelines and education regarding science, nutrition and health should be arranged regularly by government of India. For such various schemes funds from various committee and government should be electronically transfer in account of implementation authority so that the total fund should be available and used for scheme itself. CONCLUSION: This paper has provided an overview of National Program- Mid Day Meal Scheme of Maharashtra. The various causes and effects of malnutrition have explained. The mid day meal scheme is employing in practice regularly in Maharashtra. The mid day meal scheme has achieved the basic objectives like increased the children performance in school, attendance, retention and increased learning capability in students. The problems of malnutrition reduced to some extent. The mid day meal scheme and similar government scheme should be started and employed regularly to improve the physical growth of children and economic and social growth of country. REFERENCES: Anima Rani Si, Naresh Kumar Sharma (2008), An Empirical Study of the Mid-Day Meal Programme in Khurda, Orissa, Economic and Political weekly, pp. 46-55. Annual Report (2013-14), Department of School Education Literacy Department of Higher Education Ministry of Human Resource Development Government of India. Economic Survey of Maharashtra (2013-2014), Directorate of economics and statistics, planning department, government of Maharashtra, Mumbai. Jean Dreze, Aparajita Goyal (2003), Future of Mid-Day Meal Scheme, Economic and Political Weekly, vol. no-44, pp-4673-83. K. Vijayaraghavan (2002) ‘Beginning of School Meals Programmes in Different States’, National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad. R.A. Bello, G.T. Ijaiya (1998): Socio -Economic causes of malnutrition and its impact on learning capability and productivity of school-age children, IJEM, vol. 2 No. 2, pp. 120-126. Reetika Khera (2013), Mid-Day Meals: Looking Ahead, Economic Political Weekly vol. no. 32, pp. 12-14. EPW ‘Sustainable nutrition security in India: A Leadership agenda for action’, the coalition for Sustainable Nutrition Security in India, May 2010.

The Progression of Human Rights Throughout History Essay -- American A

The strides that have been taken regarding human rights have made it impossible to forget the many memorable landmarks throughout history. Events dealing with civil liberties are especially important in the United States. The Revolutionary War and the passage of the nineteenth amendment are two such occurrences. The history of both the United States and human rights has not come without a fight. Americans have adapted to changes in living styles which allowed the country to battle through shifting times in order to survive. One of the first instances of the evolution of rights is made apparent in the expressions of Plato in the story Crito. Plato was accustomed to politics in the Athenian world; however, he chose to excel in philosophy. Plato believed that knowledge demonstrated truth and goodness in all people. In Crito, Socrates uses his knowledge as he attempts to explain to Crito that he must serve his prison sentence. Socrates believed that if he disapproved of the law in which he broke, he had ample time to do something about it, but he chose to live and abide by the rules and therefore must suffer the consequences to carry out true justice. During the time of Socrates, the people and the government went hand-in-hand; they were in agreement. If a person chose to reside in a city, it meant that that individual decided to follow and carry out all laws that had previously been enforced by the government. The city of Athens provided education, protection, and the mere existence of life to Socrates. In return, he was under the idea that he was required to serve his community. Since Socrates had accepted the Athenian culture into his life, he believed that he should be punished for committing wrongful acts against the city’... ...ww.sas.upenn.edu/African_Studies/Articles_Gen/Letter_Birmingham.html. Locke, John. â€Å"The Second Treatise of Civil Government.† Translated by Jawaid Bazyar Online. Internet. Jan. 1999. Available. http://www.constitution.org/jl/2ndtreat.htm. Plato. The Trials of Socrates. â€Å"Crito.† Translated by Reeve, C. D. C.. 2002 edition: p62-78. â€Å"The Declaration of Independence of the Thirteen Colonies.† Indiana University School of Law in Bloomington. Online. Internet. April 2002. Available. http://www.law.indiana. edu/uslawdocs/declaration.html. â€Å"The Virginia Declaration of Rights.† From Revolution to Reconstruction. Online. Internet. March 2003. Available. http://www.usconstitution.net/vdeclar.html. â€Å"Universal Declaration of Human Rights.† Department of Public Information. Online. Internet. Dec. 1998. Available. http://www.un.org/rights/50/decla.htm.

Compressor Stall :: Essays Papers

Compressor Stall Gas turbine engine performance is limited by aerodynamic instabilities called rotating stall and surge. Currently there are several control strategies for enhancing the operability boundary of laboratory compressors by actively controlling rotating stall and surge. Models which capture the qualitative behavior of the aerodynamic instabilities have been found to exhibit abundant dynamic behavior and to be useful for designing control laws. Operability boundary is defined as the operating point where steady axisymmetric flow is unstable and untolerable amount of rotating stall and surge is present in the system. Operability enhancement is defined as the gap between the operability boundary for the controlled system and that for the uncontrolled system. Operability enhancement is one of the main goals for active control of rotating stall and surge. Actuator limits and system noise are found to limit the operability enhancement. We are interested in two problems: Analysis problem: given a controller with actuator limits and certain noise level, find the operability enhancement; Synthesis problem: given a set of controllers with actuator limits and certain noise level, find one that maximize the operability enhancement. It turns out that the synthesis problem is a minimax problem. We try to answer the analysis problem and the synthesis problem by nonlinear reduction using bifurcation theory and invariant manifold theory. For stall control with bleed valve actuators, we have derived analytic formulas that agree qualitatively with the experimental results on a low speed rig. We have solved the synthesis problem for the case when surge inception is close to stall inception by normal form reduction for a low order compressor model. We are also interested in extending the above control problems to general dynamical systems. We think center manifold reduction and normal form reduction are potential tools.Gas turbine engine performance is limited by aerodynamic instabilities called rotating stall and surge.

Graded Assignment Essay

1. Three hypotheses—ecocide, rat outbreak, and climate change—are candidates as explanations of why the society of Easter Island collapsed. Explain each hypothesis, present at least one piece of evidence for each one, and state a lesson that each hypothesis contains for the world today. For each hypothesis, write one paragraph of at least four lines Answer: Ecocide Hypothesis: Humans used the resources irresponsibly and caused deforestation. Humans used the logs from the trees to transport the big statues. People also used the trees to build shelter. The resources were used irresponsibly when they should have been used graciously. Rat Outbreak: Rats were introduced to the environment and fed on the trees. The trees had bite marks on the bottom of the tree. Rats were brought over by ships. It wasn’t an intentional introduction. Climate Change: As the climate changed the Lakes were separated from the main body of water. (8 points) 2. In a paragraph, describe the seven steps of the scientific method. Answer: You must make an observation and ask a question or identify and define a problem about that observation. Then you make your hypothesis which is an if-then statement and then test the hypothesis by performing experiments or making observations. Then you have to organize and analyze your data. Finally you draw your conclusions and communicate your results. (7 points) 3. Error in data analysis often occurs because the researcher has chosen an inappropriate sample for study—a sample that does not correctly reflect the characteristics of the population or phenomenon as a whole. Name at least three different causes of sampling error and state why each of them can produce invalid data. Answer: Size: your sample must include enough size or amount of people or organisms. If you don’t have enough samples then your data will be concluded with an insufficient amount of data. Bias: If someone has a strong bias towards something then they may only use the data that supports their views. Location of Sample: If someone takes a sample in a location and then doesn’t go to another location to take a sample then the data may be insufficient.

English research paper

Words have no power to impress the mind without the exquisite horror of their reality. -â€Å"Edgar Allan Poe†. What a quote from one of the greatest writers of all time. Words have no power to Impress the mind without the horror of the world that we live In. People take their life for granted and everything they have for granted as well. It shouldn't be Like that. Although Edgar Allan Poe and Charles Dickens contrast interpretation, style, and characters they do compare In plot, theme, and setting. I believe that Poe is the better writer than Dickens.One contrast between the works of Edgar Allan Poe and Charles Dickens is style. Nicholas Neckline is an example of style from the author's works. Nicholas Neckline at that time was considered to be the funniest novel in the English language. I actually did read the summary for this book and to me it seems like a funny novel to read. In Dickens's time it was just as funny as some of our modern day books if not funnier than most bo oks. Dickens style helped reach the level of success that is held by his name. Charles Dickens linguistic creativity differs from Pope's works.Doomed and son one of Dickens more creative works highlight this. Dickens was a very smart man who knew how to Incorporate his life and surroundings Into his short stones. Doomed and Son Is Dickens greatest triumph In the sentimentalist tradition. His creatively helped him get there. Poe was as creative as Dickens was. Poses stories reined over the same topics. Death and love. Dickens was different. Poe did have the upper hand in one category. Gothic Fiction. Poe is considered to be the founder of gothic fiction. Throughout the works of Poe he includes the pervasive theme of death and decay.It is almost a staple in gothic fiction, the theme of presence of madness, insanity, other internal causes, the supernatural in all of its fans, and haunted creepy locations. Almost all if not all of Pope's stories posses gothic qualities. Peg. 2 Dickens a nd Poe include some interesting characters that differ in their own way. Grip one of the characters in the story of â€Å"The Raven† by Edgar Allan Poe was a loquacious Raven that Dickens admired In one of his stories. In Barney Rugged a local Idiot wonders In and out of the story with his pet raven Grip.It Is said that Dickens wanted to use a parrot Instead of a Raven In his story but decided to go with the Raven. In the story â€Å"Great Expectations† by Charles Dickens Pip the main hearted is a little boy living with his older sister and her husband who is a blacksmith. Pip is a poor orphan who lives a troubled life until he comes into good wealth and goes off to England to become a gentleman. Pip falls in love with Mrs†¦ Habitats adopted daughter who was raised to break men's hearts in. Needless to say Pip lives a very confusing traumatic life but is an outstanding character and plays an important role in Dickens novel.In the story of Barney Rugged there is a young boy named Barney Rugged who is considered to be the local idiot who owns a pet raven named Grip. In the story murder Is involved with a character named Steward. The suspected murderer was said to be the gardener. HIS motives for killing Steward were unknown. All of Dickens books have characters from people in his life and stories that reflect his past. Pope's characters are often tortured by guilt. One comparison between the works of Edgar Allan Poe and Charles Dickens is the plot. Revenge and death. These two highlight almost all of Dickens and Pope's works.The Tell Tale Heart is a story about a man who seeks revenge on his childhood bully but in the end ends up killing himself. The Cask of Amontillado also portrays revenge and death. Peg. 3 Both writers also love to write stories about love. A Tale of Two Cities is a story about love, imprisonment and death. We can't forget about Great Expectations where Pip falls in love with Estella. Pip was crazy for Estella but Estella w as raised to break men's hearts. Poe pretty much is summarizing his life and feelings towards the love losses that occurred to him in his life.Probably the biggest comparison between the two writers is their way about writing about death. In the black cat, Pluto (the cat) is murdered by a drunk man. I don't know how someone can Just write about death. In David Copperfield the death of Davit's mother ends his schooling at crackles institutional. But wait there's more, in the haunted man, a chemist named Bedlam is an isolated scholar beset by his memories of the death of his sister and betrayal his best friend. As I started earlier Barney Rugged and the Masque of the Red Death also portrayed death.If anything these writers best works involved death. Another area where Edgar Allan Poe and Charles Dickens do compare in is theme. Byronic Romanticism is an example of this. The influence of Byronic Romanticism evident in Poe is also apparent in the works of Withering Heights. Poe and dicke ns both were able to use this very well in writing a good amount of stories. Fate is also a big part in the works of Dickens and Poe. In the Masque of the Red Death a plague is going through town within 30 minutes a person would die of the plague.The king tried to avoid the plague by staying in his castle until the plague cleared up or went away. But Fate had the advantage as it always does and King Prospers caught the plague and eventually died of it. In the Cask of Amontillado fate would strike as pay back when someone is killed for crossing his friend who told him not to cross him. Long Tory short fate caught up to him. Peg. 4 Poe and Dickens love to write about people getting murdered. The black cat a story about a cat who is murdered by a drunk man. In Great Expectations Pip's sister is killed.The Tell tale Heart a story about a plan to kill an old man but in the end the man who tried to kill the old man ended up killing himself. In Barney Rugged, Steward gets killed by the Gar dner. A Trial of Murder a tale of supernatural retribution with the murdered mans spirit returning to ensure his killers execution. I can go on and on with this. These writers Just have a fancy way for writing death Tories. Poe has crafted a tale about the perfect crime whose criminal goes unpunished and about a crime that haunts a murderer. This is their bread and butter.Death. While Poe and dickens compared in plot and theme they also did compare in setting. Their dark and gloomy atmosphere really helped shape how the story was going to go. Poe incorporated a gloomy atmosphere and melodrama into his works because he read gothic stories as a child. So pretty much that's where Poe got that idea from. In Barney Rugged he would set the scene at the Village of Caldwell an evening of foul weather. In the Pit and the Pendulum the setting is dark, dreary, and scary. Poe is considered to be the inventor of the detective fiction genre.Both Poe and Dickens have written many of short detectiv es or short mysterious mysterious visit to a distraught lover, tracing the man's slow fall into madness. The mystery of Edwin Drop is about repression and rebellion breaking out. The melancholy setting that both writers have created really makes reading their stories that much more interesting. Dickens tells about the cold wet shelter less midnight streets of London and the foul drowsy dens. The Tell Tale Hearts setting sakes it hard for me to read but it adds so much meaning to it.In the Raven, Poe establishes an atmosphere/ tone of darkness, melancholy, suspense, fear, and anxiety. The settings in their writings made their writing powerful and to me really set the standard for their type of writing. But all in all Poe definitely was the better writer hands down. Best of all time. Reality. -â€Å"Edgar Allan Poe†. In conclusion I believe that Edgar Allan Poe is a better writer than Charles Dickens and in my opinion the best writer of all time. I Just feel that Poe was more m otivated to write than Dickens was. Poe went through so much in is life and his writings reflect that. English research paper Words have no power to impress the mind without the exquisite horror of their reality. -â€Å"Edgar Allan Poe†. What a quote from one of the greatest writers of all time. Words have no power to Impress the mind without the horror of the world that we live In. People take their life for granted and everything they have for granted as well. It shouldn't be Like that. Although Edgar Allan Poe and Charles Dickens contrast interpretation, style, and characters they do compare In plot, theme, and setting. I believe that Poe is the better writer than Dickens.One contrast between the works of Edgar Allan Poe and Charles Dickens is style. Nicholas Neckline is an example of style from the author's works. Nicholas Neckline at that time was considered to be the funniest novel in the English language. I actually did read the summary for this book and to me it seems like a funny novel to read. In Dickens's time it was just as funny as some of our modern day books if not funnier than most bo oks. Dickens style helped reach the level of success that is held by his name. Charles Dickens linguistic creativity differs from Pope's works.Doomed and son one of Dickens more creative works highlight this. Dickens was a very smart man who knew how to Incorporate his life and surroundings Into his short stones. Doomed and Son Is Dickens greatest triumph In the sentimentalist tradition. His creatively helped him get there. Poe was as creative as Dickens was. Poses stories reined over the same topics. Death and love. Dickens was different. Poe did have the upper hand in one category. Gothic Fiction. Poe is considered to be the founder of gothic fiction. Throughout the works of Poe he includes the pervasive theme of death and decay.It is almost a staple in gothic fiction, the theme of presence of madness, insanity, other internal causes, the supernatural in all of its fans, and haunted creepy locations. Almost all if not all of Pope's stories posses gothic qualities. Peg. 2 Dickens a nd Poe include some interesting characters that differ in their own way. Grip one of the characters in the story of â€Å"The Raven† by Edgar Allan Poe was a loquacious Raven that Dickens admired In one of his stories. In Barney Rugged a local Idiot wonders In and out of the story with his pet raven Grip.It Is said that Dickens wanted to use a parrot Instead of a Raven In his story but decided to go with the Raven. In the story â€Å"Great Expectations† by Charles Dickens Pip the main hearted is a little boy living with his older sister and her husband who is a blacksmith. Pip is a poor orphan who lives a troubled life until he comes into good wealth and goes off to England to become a gentleman. Pip falls in love with Mrs†¦ Habitats adopted daughter who was raised to break men's hearts in. Needless to say Pip lives a very confusing traumatic life but is an outstanding character and plays an important role in Dickens novel.In the story of Barney Rugged there is a young boy named Barney Rugged who is considered to be the local idiot who owns a pet raven named Grip. In the story murder Is involved with a character named Steward. The suspected murderer was said to be the gardener. HIS motives for killing Steward were unknown. All of Dickens books have characters from people in his life and stories that reflect his past. Pope's characters are often tortured by guilt. One comparison between the works of Edgar Allan Poe and Charles Dickens is the plot. Revenge and death. These two highlight almost all of Dickens and Pope's works.The Tell Tale Heart is a story about a man who seeks revenge on his childhood bully but in the end ends up killing himself. The Cask of Amontillado also portrays revenge and death. Peg. 3 Both writers also love to write stories about love. A Tale of Two Cities is a story about love, imprisonment and death. We can't forget about Great Expectations where Pip falls in love with Estella. Pip was crazy for Estella but Estella w as raised to break men's hearts. Poe pretty much is summarizing his life and feelings towards the love losses that occurred to him in his life.Probably the biggest comparison between the two writers is their way about writing about death. In the black cat, Pluto (the cat) is murdered by a drunk man. I don't know how someone can Just write about death. In David Copperfield the death of Davit's mother ends his schooling at crackles institutional. But wait there's more, in the haunted man, a chemist named Bedlam is an isolated scholar beset by his memories of the death of his sister and betrayal his best friend. As I started earlier Barney Rugged and the Masque of the Red Death also portrayed death.If anything these writers best works involved death. Another area where Edgar Allan Poe and Charles Dickens do compare in is theme. Byronic Romanticism is an example of this. The influence of Byronic Romanticism evident in Poe is also apparent in the works of Withering Heights. Poe and dicke ns both were able to use this very well in writing a good amount of stories. Fate is also a big part in the works of Dickens and Poe. In the Masque of the Red Death a plague is going through town within 30 minutes a person would die of the plague.The king tried to avoid the plague by staying in his castle until the plague cleared up or went away. But Fate had the advantage as it always does and King Prospers caught the plague and eventually died of it. In the Cask of Amontillado fate would strike as pay back when someone is killed for crossing his friend who told him not to cross him. Long Tory short fate caught up to him. Peg. 4 Poe and Dickens love to write about people getting murdered. The black cat a story about a cat who is murdered by a drunk man. In Great Expectations Pip's sister is killed.The Tell tale Heart a story about a plan to kill an old man but in the end the man who tried to kill the old man ended up killing himself. In Barney Rugged, Steward gets killed by the Gar dner. A Trial of Murder a tale of supernatural retribution with the murdered mans spirit returning to ensure his killers execution. I can go on and on with this. These writers Just have a fancy way for writing death Tories. Poe has crafted a tale about the perfect crime whose criminal goes unpunished and about a crime that haunts a murderer. This is their bread and butter.Death. While Poe and dickens compared in plot and theme they also did compare in setting. Their dark and gloomy atmosphere really helped shape how the story was going to go. Poe incorporated a gloomy atmosphere and melodrama into his works because he read gothic stories as a child. So pretty much that's where Poe got that idea from. In Barney Rugged he would set the scene at the Village of Caldwell an evening of foul weather. In the Pit and the Pendulum the setting is dark, dreary, and scary. Poe is considered to be the inventor of the detective fiction genre.Both Poe and Dickens have written many of short detectiv es or short mysterious mysterious visit to a distraught lover, tracing the man's slow fall into madness. The mystery of Edwin Drop is about repression and rebellion breaking out. The melancholy setting that both writers have created really makes reading their stories that much more interesting. Dickens tells about the cold wet shelter less midnight streets of London and the foul drowsy dens. The Tell Tale Hearts setting sakes it hard for me to read but it adds so much meaning to it.In the Raven, Poe establishes an atmosphere/ tone of darkness, melancholy, suspense, fear, and anxiety. The settings in their writings made their writing powerful and to me really set the standard for their type of writing. But all in all Poe definitely was the better writer hands down. Best of all time. Reality. -â€Å"Edgar Allan Poe†. In conclusion I believe that Edgar Allan Poe is a better writer than Charles Dickens and in my opinion the best writer of all time. I Just feel that Poe was more m otivated to write than Dickens was. Poe went through so much in is life and his writings reflect that. English research paper Words have no power to impress the mind without the exquisite horror of their reality. -â€Å"Edgar Allan Poe†. What a quote from one of the greatest writers of all time. Words have no power to Impress the mind without the horror of the world that we live In. People take their life for granted and everything they have for granted as well. It shouldn't be Like that. Although Edgar Allan Poe and Charles Dickens contrast interpretation, style, and characters they do compare In plot, theme, and setting. I believe that Poe is the better writer than Dickens.One contrast between the works of Edgar Allan Poe and Charles Dickens is style. Nicholas Neckline is an example of style from the author's works. Nicholas Neckline at that time was considered to be the funniest novel in the English language. I actually did read the summary for this book and to me it seems like a funny novel to read. In Dickens's time it was just as funny as some of our modern day books if not funnier than most bo oks. Dickens style helped reach the level of success that is held by his name. Charles Dickens linguistic creativity differs from Pope's works.Doomed and son one of Dickens more creative works highlight this. Dickens was a very smart man who knew how to Incorporate his life and surroundings Into his short stones. Doomed and Son Is Dickens greatest triumph In the sentimentalist tradition. His creatively helped him get there. Poe was as creative as Dickens was. Poses stories reined over the same topics. Death and love. Dickens was different. Poe did have the upper hand in one category. Gothic Fiction. Poe is considered to be the founder of gothic fiction. Throughout the works of Poe he includes the pervasive theme of death and decay.It is almost a staple in gothic fiction, the theme of presence of madness, insanity, other internal causes, the supernatural in all of its fans, and haunted creepy locations. Almost all if not all of Pope's stories posses gothic qualities. Peg. 2 Dickens a nd Poe include some interesting characters that differ in their own way. Grip one of the characters in the story of â€Å"The Raven† by Edgar Allan Poe was a loquacious Raven that Dickens admired In one of his stories. In Barney Rugged a local Idiot wonders In and out of the story with his pet raven Grip.It Is said that Dickens wanted to use a parrot Instead of a Raven In his story but decided to go with the Raven. In the story â€Å"Great Expectations† by Charles Dickens Pip the main hearted is a little boy living with his older sister and her husband who is a blacksmith. Pip is a poor orphan who lives a troubled life until he comes into good wealth and goes off to England to become a gentleman. Pip falls in love with Mrs†¦ Habitats adopted daughter who was raised to break men's hearts in. Needless to say Pip lives a very confusing traumatic life but is an outstanding character and plays an important role in Dickens novel.In the story of Barney Rugged there is a young boy named Barney Rugged who is considered to be the local idiot who owns a pet raven named Grip. In the story murder Is involved with a character named Steward. The suspected murderer was said to be the gardener. HIS motives for killing Steward were unknown. All of Dickens books have characters from people in his life and stories that reflect his past. Pope's characters are often tortured by guilt. One comparison between the works of Edgar Allan Poe and Charles Dickens is the plot. Revenge and death. These two highlight almost all of Dickens and Pope's works.The Tell Tale Heart is a story about a man who seeks revenge on his childhood bully but in the end ends up killing himself. The Cask of Amontillado also portrays revenge and death. Peg. 3 Both writers also love to write stories about love. A Tale of Two Cities is a story about love, imprisonment and death. We can't forget about Great Expectations where Pip falls in love with Estella. Pip was crazy for Estella but Estella w as raised to break men's hearts. Poe pretty much is summarizing his life and feelings towards the love losses that occurred to him in his life.Probably the biggest comparison between the two writers is their way about writing about death. In the black cat, Pluto (the cat) is murdered by a drunk man. I don't know how someone can Just write about death. In David Copperfield the death of Davit's mother ends his schooling at crackles institutional. But wait there's more, in the haunted man, a chemist named Bedlam is an isolated scholar beset by his memories of the death of his sister and betrayal his best friend. As I started earlier Barney Rugged and the Masque of the Red Death also portrayed death.If anything these writers best works involved death. Another area where Edgar Allan Poe and Charles Dickens do compare in is theme. Byronic Romanticism is an example of this. The influence of Byronic Romanticism evident in Poe is also apparent in the works of Withering Heights. Poe and dicke ns both were able to use this very well in writing a good amount of stories. Fate is also a big part in the works of Dickens and Poe. In the Masque of the Red Death a plague is going through town within 30 minutes a person would die of the plague.The king tried to avoid the plague by staying in his castle until the plague cleared up or went away. But Fate had the advantage as it always does and King Prospers caught the plague and eventually died of it. In the Cask of Amontillado fate would strike as pay back when someone is killed for crossing his friend who told him not to cross him. Long Tory short fate caught up to him. Peg. 4 Poe and Dickens love to write about people getting murdered. The black cat a story about a cat who is murdered by a drunk man. In Great Expectations Pip's sister is killed.The Tell tale Heart a story about a plan to kill an old man but in the end the man who tried to kill the old man ended up killing himself. In Barney Rugged, Steward gets killed by the Gar dner. A Trial of Murder a tale of supernatural retribution with the murdered mans spirit returning to ensure his killers execution. I can go on and on with this. These writers Just have a fancy way for writing death Tories. Poe has crafted a tale about the perfect crime whose criminal goes unpunished and about a crime that haunts a murderer. This is their bread and butter.Death. While Poe and dickens compared in plot and theme they also did compare in setting. Their dark and gloomy atmosphere really helped shape how the story was going to go. Poe incorporated a gloomy atmosphere and melodrama into his works because he read gothic stories as a child. So pretty much that's where Poe got that idea from. In Barney Rugged he would set the scene at the Village of Caldwell an evening of foul weather. In the Pit and the Pendulum the setting is dark, dreary, and scary. Poe is considered to be the inventor of the detective fiction genre.Both Poe and Dickens have written many of short detectiv es or short mysterious mysterious visit to a distraught lover, tracing the man's slow fall into madness. The mystery of Edwin Drop is about repression and rebellion breaking out. The melancholy setting that both writers have created really makes reading their stories that much more interesting. Dickens tells about the cold wet shelter less midnight streets of London and the foul drowsy dens. The Tell Tale Hearts setting sakes it hard for me to read but it adds so much meaning to it.In the Raven, Poe establishes an atmosphere/ tone of darkness, melancholy, suspense, fear, and anxiety. The settings in their writings made their writing powerful and to me really set the standard for their type of writing. But all in all Poe definitely was the better writer hands down. Best of all time. Reality. -â€Å"Edgar Allan Poe†. In conclusion I believe that Edgar Allan Poe is a better writer than Charles Dickens and in my opinion the best writer of all time. I Just feel that Poe was more m otivated to write than Dickens was. Poe went through so much in is life and his writings reflect that.

Health and Social Care Essay

Introduction Social policy refers to the issue of addressing the needs of the society by the state. It takes care of the welfare aspects of the people that are based on some strategies, ideologies, regulation and undertakings. This phenomenon has reached a global scale nowadays. Social policy has now a wider span and has expanded its horizon to enhance the welfare of the general people. Marshall (1950) devised the idea of social citizenship that paved the way to the welfare provisions. These rights were focused on the economic independence and a minimum standard of life for the citizen. Health is now considered something beyond the physical aspect. It has mental, psychological, social implications. Health and welfare are the result of some sophisticated relations of socio-economic issues and the sufficiency of amenities provided (Atkinson et al., 2001). The existing social and health care system was actually established in 1948 the formation of which started before the Second World War. It got a new dimension in the later part of the century where the community took the roles of the institutes and the control shifted to the private sectors. Though it has some loopholes during the course, it has gone through several significant changes. This study will discuss the important landmarks in the history of UK social policy and provisions along with a critical evaluation and the recent achievements in this regard. It will also focus on the factors behind the formation of the policies and their impact on the service users. Task 1 – historical and CONTEMPORARY LANDMARKS in social welfare provision 1.1 historical and CONTEMPORARY LANDMARKS in social policy Prior to and during the Second World War The Poor law was the sole social care facility that was provided prior to the Second World War which basically focused on the senior citizen and the incapacitated. It made it mandatory for each community to give benefit in the form of less charge for the deprived class. This law was later renamed into Public Assistance which was the result of Local Government Act, 1929. Subsequently, the facilities were open for everyone irrespective of disability and were applicable for people who did not have the money to pay for health care. (Pat Thane, 2009) The Disabled Person’s Employment Act, 1944 made it mandatory for the companies to give jobs to people included in Disabled Persons Register which should be minimum three percent of their employment. (Barnes, 1991) The National Association for Mental Health was later established in 1946 which had a movement for improved facility for the mentally disabled patients. National Health Service and the National Assistance Board The Poor law was terminated with the introduction of the National Assistance (NA) Act in 1946 which came into practice two years later. National Assistance Board (NAB) came into existence with the advent of this particular act. National Health Service took the hospitals under them which also came into being in the same year as NAB. NAB was later substituted by the Supplementary Benefits which merged with the Department of Health and Social Security in the year 1968. (Burt et al., 2003) After the Second World War The Mental Health Act came into being in 1959 that targeted to give the mentally disabled people a space in the society. It was the contribution of The National Assistance Act 1948, amended in 1962 that gave incentive to the native authorities to facilitate the senior citizen and people with disability with food, pastime facilities and to chalk out a decade long plan to enable them to stay in their respective residents for a period according to their will. (Pat Thane, 2009) In1968, Health Services and Public Health Act took the services to the senior citizens the and the people with disability to another level by offering extensive services like washing,  stewards, recreation and help in their home. (Bauld et al., 2005) In order to facilitate a social service division in every community, the Local Authority Social Services Act came into being in 1970. This was aimed at establishing a system where there is a collaborative and wide ranging arrangement for the entire social care system that will address the issues of people and give assistance to them who are in need of them. This division was given the duty of domestic aid, housing, food and entertainment facilities. The native authorities were made bound to make a catalogue of the incapacitated people and the services were to be exposed to the common mass. Invalidity Benefit came into existence in 1971which was later modified three years later which had the provision for Invalid Care Allowance In order to provide assistance to the people who wants to take the service of the local provider or a provider of their own choice of healthcare instead of the hospitals, District Health Authorities were given the authority in 1983 to give more finance to those people. In order to take care of the issue of make advancements in the service of the senior citizens and the people with disability, a series of papers addressed these issues to facilitate an improved service to the public. (Pat Thane, 2009) In an attempt to give more effort to the service to the people with disability, Disabled Persons Representation Act, 1986 was introduced so that they are taken into consideration more than before during the policy formulation. It gave the local bodies the duty to evaluate the requirement of the people with disability in terms of the social service and take care of these needs and let them know about the offers and facilities the local bodies are going to provide. (Daunt, 1992) In 1996, the Community Care Act was implemented to facilitate the people in need of social service with the und so that they can pay for the services. There are several another acts that were introduced to enhance the social care to the UK people; they are the following: Carers (Recognition and Services) Act, 1995 Mental Health (Patients in the Community) Act, 1995 Disability Discrimination Act, 1995 Carers and Disabled Children Act 2000 Special Educational Needs and Disability Act, 200 Private Hire Vehicle Act, 2002 Disability Discrimination Act (amended) 2005 Disability Equality Duty (DED), 2006 Welfare Reform Act 2007 1.2 factors influencing the development of policy & legislations The provisions regarding healthcare and welfare are mainly designed to provide the people with the economic assurance in case of any illness, disease, aging or lack of financial crisis due to the lack of a job. There are several types of allowance which is provided when a person is ill or out of job which are backed up by the insurance arrangements of the state. In the period after Second World War the state was more e focused on giving jobs to everyone. It was supported by the free education system and academic allowances. The prime attention of that period was basically the fund to the domestic arena, healthcare all around the country and obviously jobs to everyone. The employers and the government word collaboratively in this regard. task 2 – origins of social policies 2.1 PROCESS in key Health and Social Policy legalization The act is often preceded by a bill. The health related bills are presented in front of the parliament. Health and social policies are basically the activities and steps taken by the state to achieve a certain result in the national health scenario. The entire arrangement and structure of the health sector is deeply influenced by the act and legislation. These procure of formulating the policies may vary in nature. The place for the policy formulation and structure along with the attributes of the strategy has implication in the development of these acts. The whole procedure of policy formulation and implementation needs to be apprehended properly so that it  become convenient to make use of the resources and bring significant modifications in the healthcare provisions. These processes have number of stages. It starts with the design of the policy. In tis frost stage, lots of insights and information regarding the need of the service receivers are received. It takes into consideration the intention and the expected results are determined and according to them the appropriate steps are taken to make sure the required inputs are arranged. Secondly, the designed policy is practically applied by speeding the policy. It takes active measures to execute the policy. The final stage includes assessment and adjustment where the policies are scrutinized and modified according to the need of the situation. 2.2 INFLUENTIAL factors behind a parliamentary act Health and social welfare related issues are fundamentally influence by the people themselves. But the policy and parliamentary act are also affected by the assessment and the understanding and decision of the people concerned with the policy formation. There is also the consideration of the limitation of resources. In addition, the thinking process and the principals have a role to play. These policy makers have their own set of view and philosophies that are influenced by their allegiance to their respective parties (Ungerson, 1997). There are various modes of accomplishing the policies which can be customary or contemporary. There is also pressure from the activists and communities. Unexpected situations and likelihoods of events also play a role in the policy making process in the health care and social policy which may result in a very unscrupulous decisions and polices. (Spanswick, 2003) 2.3 the impact of the Act on service users The health and social care acts have positive effect throughout the UK history. These acts have helped to give people access to their fundamental right of health care, specially the older generation and the disabled people. (Foster et al., 2001) It has given the UK healthcare and welfare a solid structure. Health acre and social care had been two isolated entities, courtesy of the acts. But tis disintegration created a problem of lack of coordination. This disintegration was done in terms of the strategies and control of the bodies but they have been integrated to better serve the people. 2.4 POLITICAL leaders’ contriburion on policies Political leaders have vital contribution in helping the country recover from the adversities and downturn in the economy that resulted from the havoc of the Second World War. They help made the legislations to bring major changes in the social policies that had a foundation that predates the war. These politicians help pass the Health Act 2009 that aimed to take the National health Service to an advanced level to provide better facilities and service to the common mass.. In 2008 they passed Health and Social Care Act that had a vital contribution in revolutionizing and incorporating health and social care. The 2006 Health Act came up with the regulation that prevented public smoking and set the age restriction for smokers that was applicable to the seller of tobacco products. It also took care of the management of the medication and observation of transactions with pharmaceutical goods. (Hochschild, 1995) 2.5 improving the CARE WITH the on-going policy changes The policies that are concerned with the people’s welfare are always vulnerable to adjustments and amendments. Any vital change requires a lot deliberation and it has the risk of producing debate. The Medicare Program, introduced in 1965, has seen much modification since its inception which has helped the public to have access to better services. Further elective packages have been introduced by the authority to add to the convenience of people. (Alber, 1995) Task 3 – impact of social policies on users of health and social care services 3.1: contemporary policy developments and implementation The healthcare authorities and the social care bodies make sure everyone is treated with equality regarding the services. The strategy and regulation is designed in such a way that ensures service receivers get the service  maintaining their freedom and self-esteem. The state does its best to offer the widest range of services. They disseminate information to the public about the heath related issues and they also inform about the nourishing ingredients of a meal. Through the various programs, people are encouraged to maintain a healthy lifestyle and children are imparted education. About the health related issues. There are many joint venture sin the health and social care sector they provide employment along with the measures to improve the social care sector and take care of issues like health discriminations, infant health and adolescence health, health of senior citizens and so on. (Mason and Smith, 2005) 3.2 Measuring the impact of policy initiatives on service users There are lots of evaluation methods that are being followed by the USA government to ensure the effectiveness and the efficiency of providing services to the service users. Evidence based policy making is one of the major force for the best quality policy appraisal in the U.K. This policy making systems require policy maker and implement authority of all of these policy to utilize and use the information from different source including evaluation of the past rules and policy, statistics data, academic report and researches, economics rules and theories, national statistics, consultation with expert or agents etc. even the public expenditure, expending and the taxation also take part in this process. The UK Government has already undertaken, and also they are presently undertaking some random proscribed trials of policy steps. 3.3 the impact of a specific policy At 1999, The NSF or The National Service Framework for the mental health published. It is it is the central element for the working age adults regarding the policy of government. Beside this, this is plan or program for ten years improvement of the metal health care in UK. This NSF also described how this policy, system and the improvement will happen and the evidence relating this also given in NSF (CSIP/NIMHE, 2007). Though NSF is focusing on the decreasing of the smoke rate among people but it is not a  comprehensive or massive activity of improving health care like general health acre. Eight different pilot studies on the subject of improvement of the physical health care have been studied by the public health committee of the English strategy. (Beecham, 2005) 3.4 policies in improving the quality of life Policies can play a virtual role in the improvement of the service user’s quality of the life. Participating interest group like patient organization is very effective in this regard. The focus was later concentrated in the cut down of taxes, the reduction of interference by the government and the reduction in the government expenditure in 1975. But it had to take some portion out of the welfare budget. Currently, the state is more focused on providing people with employment rather than providing them with abundant allowances and benefits. There have been many regulation and law which are introduced to address the issues of labor, healthcare and social care nowadays. (Gulliford and Morgan, 2003) Task 4 – Recent developments in health and social care policy 4.1 recent development in health and social care policy It deals with many different things like voluntary sectors in welfare, the role or the part of religion etc. Also it deals with free worldwide secondary education and many more. Indigence is one of the primary causes of sickness. The poor and broken law authority started to evaluate hospitals for the sick people. Health and social care policy deals with the rules and the policies, system regarding people welfare state. Most of the average report founded on three assumptions which is health services, family allowance and full employment. Beside all of these things current period achievement is the pensions, insurance, tax credits, supplement to the family income etc. All of these this is the implement of current era of time. It also deals with the health and social care initiatives, social and labor inclusions, important legislation initiative, and rights etc. The announcement done by the Peter Lilley will help get the harmony to the benefit system. These mainly decrease the dependenc y of the benefit by helping the person or people in their work. (Judge, and Bauld, 2006) 4.2 the  differences in formation and adaption At this 29th century the social and the health care system policies initiative reached the rural and far areas of the United Kingdom. The main goal of this initiative of the health and social care is to provide the health and social care services to the society for the wellbeing of the society without considering the financial condition of the people. The main goal of this initiative is to provide state edification, pension and the universal health care to the citizen of the country. Similar to Japan the heath care of USA is being dominated and maintained and controlled by the different kind of insurance scheme=where state do not play any part. Social and health care is a contract between the individual citizen and the government in Scotland. But it’s straight forward in English policy where government ensures the commitment to give better health and social service rather than improving the policy itself. So it is more effective for the citizen of the country. This is a genera l contract between the service user or the citizen and the government service providers. Conclsuion The main focus of the healthcare and social care has been the equality of access recently. All the acts and polices are aimed at proving people with the most fundamental services and making sure that no one gets deprived (Exworthy et al.,2003). The undertaking of the major policy matters has been done in collaboration and various bodies across the state and government have put a lot of effort to take the healthcare and social care to a new dimension. Reference Alber, J. (1995). ‘A Framework for the Comparative Study of Social Service’s’, Journal of European Social Policy 5 (2): 131–49. Atkinson, M. et al. (2001) Systematic review of ethnicity and health service access for London. University of Warwick: Warwick. Bauld, L. et al. (2005) Promoting social change: the experience of health action zones in England. Journal of Social Policy 34 (3):427-445. Barnes, C. (1991) Disabled People in Britain and Discrimination: A Case for Anti-Discrimination Legislation, Hurst and Co in association with the British Council of Organizations of Disabled People, London. Beecham, J. (2005) Access to mental health supports in England: crisis resolution teams and day services. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 28: 574-587. Burt, J. et al. (2003) The relationship between use of NHS Direct and deprivation in southeast London: an ecological analysis. Journal of Public Health Medicine 25 (2):174-176. CSIP/NIMHE (2007) Mental Health: New Ways of Working for Everyone. Progress Report 280692, Department of Health: London. Daunt, P. (1992) Meeting Disability: A European Perspective, Cassell Education, London. Exworthy, M. et al. (2003) Tackling health inequalities in the United Kingdom: the progress and pitfalls of policy. Health Services Research 38(6, pt 2): 1905-1921. Foster, J. et al. (2001) A qualitative study of older people’s views of out-of-hours services. British Journal of General Practice 51 (470): 719-723. Gulliford, M. and Morgan, M. (2003) Access to Health Care. Routledge: London. Hochschild, A. R. (1995). ‘The Culture of Politics: Traditional, Post-modern, Coldmodern, and Warm-modern Ideals of Care’, Social Politics 2 (3): 331–45. Judge, K. and Bauld, L. (2006) Learning from policy failure? Health action zones in England. European Journal of Public Health 16 (4):341-3. Marshall, T. H. (1950) Citizenship and Social Class. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. Mason, A. and Smith, P.C. (2005) Description of the Benefit Basket, England. Report prepared for the HealthBASKET project, funded by the European Commission within the Sixth Framework Research Programme Spanswick, M. (2003) Access to health care: vulnerable groups in society. In: Public Health and Society, Ungerson, C. (ed.) (1997), ‘Social Politics and the Commodification of Care’, Social Politics 4 (3): 362–82 Thane P.(2009). History and Policy. MEMORANDUM SUBMITTED TO THE HOUSE OF COMMONS’ HEALTH COMMITTEE INQUIRY: SOCIAL CARE. 67 (1): 140-145